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You can use this simple and reliable
security system as a watchdog
by installing the sensing
loops around your building. You have
to stretch the loop wires two feet above
the ground to sense the unauthorised
entry into your premises.
Wire loops 1, 2 and 4 are connected
to the A, B and C inputs of 7-segment
decoder 4511 (IC1), respectively, while
the D input of IC1 is grounded permanently.
The loops are also connected to
a dual 3-input NOR gate and inverter
CD4000 (IC2) to activate the alarm.


Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the digital
security system, while Fig. 2 shows
the proposed wiring diagram for the
loops around the premises. Before using
this security system, make sure
that loops shown in Fig. 2 are con-
�� PHERDAUS ISLAM nected as shown in Fig. 1. If you don’t
want to use a buzzer, switch it off by
opening switch S2.
The circuit works off a 9V regulated
power supply. However, battery
back-up is recommended. A commoncathode,
7-segment display (LTS543)
is used for displaying whether the
loops are intact or not.
If loop 1 is broken, the display will
show ‘1’. If two or all the three loops
are broken, the display will show the
sum of the respective broken loop

This is a computer drawing of the electrical system of the Wright brothers 1903
aircraft engine. This engine powered the first, heavier than air, self-propelled, mane
uverable, piloted aircraft; the Wright 1903 Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in
December, 1903. To generate thrust for their aircraft, the brothers used twin,
counter-rotating propellers at the rear of the aircraft. To turn the propellers, the
brothers designed and built a water-cooled, gasoline powered, four-stroke, four c
ylinder,internal combustion engine.
Mechanical Operation

The figure at the top shows the major components of the electrical system on
the Wright 1903 engine. In any internal combustion engine, fuel and oxygen are
combined in a combustion process to produce the power to turn the crankshaft
of the engine. The job of the electrical system is to provide the spark which initiates
combustion.
Electrical power is generated by the magneto at the rear of the engine. The magneto
relies on the physics principle ofelectrical inductance to produce electricity;
when a wire is moved through a magnetic field an electrical current is inducedin
the wire.

The magneto has a large, U - shaped, permanent magnet at the top.
Between the arms of the magnet, a wire is rotated on a shaft which is turned by
the friction drive wheel rubbing on the engine flywheel. An electrical current is
induced in the moving wire. The power to turn the magneto is provided by the
running engine. The magneto is very similar to the alternator or generator on a
modern automobile. The Wright brothers purchased their magneto and it
provided a very modest 10 volts at 4 amps in operation. Two wires connect
the magneto to the engine; a ground wire to the leg of the crankcase, and
a power wire to the bus bar on the outside of the four combustion
chambers of the engine.
On each combustion chamber, the bus bar conducts electricity to an ignition
plug which is screwed through the wall of the chamber. The plug is insulated
from the wall of the chamber. Inside the chamber, there is a contact
switch which is movable. When the switch is closed, a circuit is created
and electricity flows through the wires, bus bar and plug. When the switch
is opened quickly, a spark is generated.

You can see this effect if you
pull the plug on an operating appliance at home. Spring levers
mounted on the outside of the chamber are used to open and close
the contact switch by an insulated shaft which passes through the wall
of the combustion chamber. The spring levers are attached to the crankcase
of the engine which is grounded to the magneto. The levers are activated
by cams which turn on a cam shaft under the engine. The cam shaft is
linked by gears to the exhaust valve cam shaft which is turned by the
timing chain. The gears and cams insure that the contact switch is
opened, and the ignition spark occurs at just the proper moment of
the engine cycle. Heres a computer animation of the action of the levers
and contact switch:

In this animation, we have cut open cylinder #3 so that you can watch the motion of
the valves, cams, rocker arms, and electrical contacts and switches.

The spring which
moves the electrical contact
inside cylinder #3 is partially hidden by the cylinder itself. The spring is barely visible
behind the blue exhaust valve spring. You can better see the action of the electric cam
and spring on the adjoining
cylinder #4 to the right. But notice that the timing of the motion of the switches
and valves is different between adjoining cylinders. On the animation, we have
cut the bus bar to allow us to see inside cylinder #3; the bar wraps around cylinder
#3 in the same way that it wraps around cylinder #2 to the left.
How Does It Work?
To understand how the electrical system works, we have drawn a simplified
wiring diagram of the engine:


We have numbered the cylinders (and combustion chambers) from 1 to 4 going
from the front of the engine to the back. The magneto, wires, contact switches,
and grounded cylinders produce an electrical circuit, which you have heard
about in school. This particular type of circuit is called a parallel circuit because
there are parallel lines running through the four cylinders. The contact switch
on any cylinder can be opened or closed without affecting the neighboring cylinders.
(If the cylinders were wired in series, opening any switch would cut the current to
ll the cylinders.)


Throughout nearly all of the cycle for a given cylinder, the contact switch is
held opened and no current flows through the system. But when the cam pushes
the levers, the contact switch in one cylinder is initially closed which produces
a current of electricity from the magneto through the bus bar, switch, and
levers, to the crankcase and back to the magneto. This condition for cylinder
#1 is shown at the top of the figure. As the cam continues to move, the contact
switch is suddenly pulled open, as shown at the bottom of the figure. A small
spark occurs as the switch is opened (you can see this effect if you pull the
plug on an operating lamp in your home.) Inside the combustion chamber, this
spark is used to ignite the fuel/air mixture at the end of the compression stroke.
The contact switch is kept open inside the cylinder until the next firing. The
opening of the switch is called an electrical break (of the circuit) and this firing
technique is called a "make and break" system. The four cylinders of this engine
fire one at a time in a firing order which is repeated. The brothers used a 1
- 3 - 4 - 2 firing order to balance out the firings and make the engine run as smooth
as possible.

The information in this manual supplements the owner manual. This manual describes features that may or may not be on your specific vehicle either because they are options that you did not purchase or due to changes subsequent to the printing of this owner manual. Please refer to the purchase documentation relating to your specific vehicle to confirm each of the features found on your vehicle. For vehicles first sold in Canada, substitute the name “General Motors of Canada Limited” for Chevrolet and GMC Motor Divisions wherever it appears in this manual. download here

Controlled by indoor and outdoor temperature Simple, high reliability design

This circuit is intended to control a heating system or central heating plan, keeping constant indoor temperature in spite of wide range changes in the outdoor one. Two sensors are needed: one placed outdoors, in order to sense the external temperature; the other placed on the water-pipe returning from heating system circuit, short before its input to the boiler. The Relay contact wiring must be connected to the boilers start-stop control input.
This circuit, though simple, has proven very reliable: in fact it was installed over 20 years ago at my parents home. I know, it is a bit old: but it is still doing its job very well and without problems of any kind.

Circuit Diagram:

Heating System Thermostat Circuit diagram

Parts:

P1_____________1K Linear Potentiometer

R1_____________10R 1/4W Resistor
R2______________1K 1/4W Resistor
R3______________3K3 @ 20°C n.t.c. Thermistor (see Notes)
R4______________2K2 @ 20°C n.t.c. Thermistor (see Notes)
R5_____________10K 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R6______________3K3 1/4W Resistor
R7,R9___________4K7 1/4W Resistors
R8____________470K 1/4W Resistor
R10____________10K 1/4W Resistor

C1,C2_________470µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3______________1µF 63V Electrolytic Capacitor

D1,D2,D4_____1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D3______________LED Red 3 or 5mm.

Q1____________BC557 45V 100mA PNP Transistor
Q2____________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q3____________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor

RL1____________Relay with SPDT 2A @ 220V switch
Coil Voltage 12V. Coil resistance 200-300 Ohm

J1_____________Two ways output socket

SW1____________SPST Mains Switch

T1_____________220V Primary, 12 + 12V Secondary 3VA Mains transformer

PL1____________Male Mains plug &cable

Circuit Operation:

When Q1 Base to ground voltage is less than half voltage supply (set by R7 & R9), a voltage is generated across R8 and the driver transistors Q2 & Q3 switch-on the Relay. When Q1 Base to ground voltage is more than half voltage supply, caused when one of the n.t.c. Thermistors lowers its value due to an increase in temperature, no voltage appears across R8 and the Relay is off.
C3 allows a clean switching of the Relay. P1 acts as main temperature control.

Notes:

• R3 is the outdoor sensor, R4 the indoor sensor.
• If you are unable to find a 3K3 Thermistor for R3 you can use a 4K7 value instead. The different value can be easily compensated by means of Trimmer R5.
• R5 allows to set the heating system for outdoor temperatures ranging from about +10°C downwards. The higher R5s resistance the hotter the heating system and vice versa.
• The existing boiler thermostat should be set to its maximum value and not bypassed: it is necessary for safetys sake.
• This circuit can be dispensed with its differential feature and converted into a simple precision thermostat omitting R3.

Source : www.redcircuits.com