Tuesday 30 April 2013

Making High Quality iPod iPhone Speakers

This top of the range and low value speaker used to be designed for use for iPod or iPhone with using old automobile Hi-Fi speaker and some pc parts. Other materials used are proven in the picture below they usually include an amplifier, 240V-12V energy supply, tweeters, crossovers, sealed lead acid battery, MDF, filler, Apple common dock & faraway, glue, nails, and white gloss paint.



The front baffle board used to be drawn on a piece of MDF in an effort to use it as a template to make the rear of the box. The dimensions of the box primarily based on the speaker do not essentially want to be precise since the audio system have been relatively old because it comes from an old Renault 19.

From the photo of the spherical bits beneath, the trusty round saw was used to minimize a selection of 1 inch by using 15 cm strips of MDF. Between the entrance and rear baffle, the strips have been glued and nailed. The baffles were cut out using a jigsaw and the strips had been saved as close to one another as possible.

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality

The first coat of filler can take 3 batches to complete and they had been applied as neatly as it may just after being blended up. Until it was once someplace close to as proven under, a couple of more coats can be utilized. A surform shall be utilized until it was as soon as about the precise shape once the primary coat of filler had set. Sanding could be finished by using hand or it would be higher to use an electric sander if available. A jigsaw was as quickly as used to lower out the speaker and tweeter gaps as proven below and a flange for the speaker to sit into used to be made utilizing the router.

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality
A gap of about 12mm on the highest and 3mm on the again were drilled as quickly as the entire holes were cut. The parts have been masked up and the baffle was spray painted in matt black as proven below. The first layer of white primer can be utilized as soon as the black used to be dry and the masking tape used to be eliminated. A couple of coats of regular white primer was applied after which followed with the support of a light sand. In between, a bit of sanding used to be applied as three coats of white gloss were given.
Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality

A grill for the entrance had to be made for the entire pretend Apple. To mark out the form on a scrap little bit of 5mm laminate ground, this was once a easy matter of utilizing the box as a template and then sprayed it in matt black. Some black nylon material used to be glued onto the panel with some spray carpet adhesive when the paint was once dry as proven in the image below.

Some black drywall screws had been used to screw the 13cm speaker into the field in addition to the amp and crossover communitys and epoxy resin was once used to glue the tweeters. After soldering all of the connections, the lead acid battery used to be glued within as shown within the subsequent picture. The amp of the battery was once energyed by using wiring the 12V to the battery. The iPod universal dock was glued on the highest of the field with wires for USB and audio. The finished product of cool having a look iPod speaker can be proven under.

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality

Hacks and Mods: PodiPhone Speaker with High Quality
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Sunday 21 April 2013

SP LIE DETECTORS

LIE DETECTOR-1
This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to provide an oscillation. The detection-points can detect resistances as high as 300k and because the resistance decreases, the frequency increases.


Separate the 2 bit pads and fasten them to the back of every hand. because the subject feels nervous, he can sweat and alter the frequency of the circuit.The photos show the circuit engineered on computer boards
with separate bit pads.


LIE DETECTOR-2
This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to turn on the FALSE LED. The circuit sits with the TRUE LED illuminated. The 47k pot is adjusted to permit the LEDs to change state when touching the
probes. 


LIE DETECTOR-3
This circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to show the four LEDs. As you press tougher, more
LEDs are illuminated.



LIE DETECTOR-4
his circuit detects the resistance between your fingers to show the 3LEDs. As you press harder, a lot of LEDs are illuminated. Thecircuit is less complicated than Lie Detector-3. 
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SIGNAL INJECTOR

This circuit is wealthy in harmonics and is good for testing amplifier circuits. to seek out a fault in an amplifier,
connect the planet clip to the 0v rail and move through each stage, beginning at the speaker. a rise in volume ought to be heard at every preceding stage. This Injector will bear the IF stages of radios and FM sound sections in TVs. to Index


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Saturday 13 April 2013

1992 Dodge w350 Wiring Diagram

1992 Dodge w350 Wiring Diagram

The Part of 1992 Dodge w350 Wiring Diagram: engine ground, battery, fusible link, hazard flasher, circuit
breaker, headlamp switch, power door locks, stop lamps, headlamp buzzer, rear wheel, charging system, cluster lamps, transmission overdrive, indicator lamp, cigar lighter, power mirrors, chargo lamps, done lamp, map lamp,


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Digital Mains Voltage Indicator

Continuous monitoring of the primarys voltage is required in many ap-plications one of theses guide volt-age stabilisers and motor pumps. An ana-logue voltmeter, although cheap, has many disadvantages because it has shifting sections and that is delicate to vibrations. The stablestate voltmeter circuit described here indicates the primarys voltage with a decision that's related to that of a general-pur-pose analogue voltmeter. The standing of the principles voltage is available within the type of an LED bar graph. Presets VR1 through VR16 are used to set the DC voltages akin to the sixteen voltage degrees over the 50-250V vary as marked on LED1 through LED16, respectively, within the determine. The LED bar graph is multiplexed from the bottom to the excessiveest with the assist of ICs CD4067B (16-channel multiplexer) and CD4029B (counter). The counter clocked with the aid of NE555 timer-based astable multivibrator generates 4-bit binary ad-dress for multiplexer-demultiplexer pair of CD4067B and CD4514B. 

Circuit diagram:

Digital Mains Voltage Indicator Circuit Diagram

The voltage from the wipers of pre-sets are multiplexed by means of CD4067B and the output from pin 1 of CD4067B is fed to the non-inverting input of comparator A2 (half of op-amp LM358) after being buff-ered through A1 (the other half of IC2). The unregulated voltage sensed from rectifier output is fed to the inverting input of com-parator A2. The output of comparator A2 is low except the sensed voltage is larger than the reference enter applied on the non-inverting pins of comparator A2 by means of buffer A1. When the sensed voltage goes below the reference voltage, the output of com-parator A2 goes high. The excessive output from comparator A2 inhibits the decoder (CD4514) that's used to decode the out-put of IC4029 and pressure the LEDs. This make certains that the LEDs of the bar graph are ‘on’ as so much as the sensed voltage-level pro-portional to the mains voltage.
The preliminary adjustment of each of the presets will also be carried out by way of feeding a recognized AC voltage thru an auto-transform after which adjusting the corresponding pre-set to make sure that only those LEDs which are up to the applied voltage glow. 

EFY now note.  It is a just right option to use ad-ditional transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator associations for obtaining a regulated provide for the functioning of the circuit so that performance of the cir-cuit just isn't affected even when the primarys voltage falls as little as 50V or goes as high as 280V. During Lab checking out regu-lated 12-volt supply for circuit operation used to be used.)

Author : Pratap Chandra Sahu - Copyright : EFY
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Humidity Sensors with SHT11

Humidity Sensors
Humidity Sensors with SHT11. SHT11 Humidity Sensors is a single chip relative humidity and temperature sensors with multi-sensor module that has been calibrated digital output. Section included a polymer capacity as eleman for relative humidity sensors and a ribbon strain used as temperature sensors.

Output of both sensors are combined and connected on 14-bit ADC and a serial interface on a single chip the same. The sensor output signal aimlessly good with a fast response time. SHT11 Humidity Sensor was calibrated at room denagn humidity accurately using as a reference hygrometer. Calibration coefficients have been programmed into the OTP memory. Coefficient will be used to Calibration output from the sensor during the measurement process.

Humidity Sensors
Humidity Sensors Diagram Block
Sensor system used to measure temperature and humidity are SHT11 Humidity Sensors with 5 Volt voltage source and bidirectonal 2-wire communication. This sensor system has a data path that is used for addressing and reading the command data.

Data collection for each measurement is done by giving orders addressing the microcontroller. Foot serial data that is connected with microcontroller provides a command addressing the pin Data SHT11 Humidity Sensors "00,000,101" to measure relative humidity and "00000011" for temperature measurement. SHT11Humidity Sensor provide humidity and temperature output data on data pins alternately in accordance with the given clock microcontrollers for sensor to work. Sensor SHT11 have ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) in it so that the output data is configured SHT11 Humidity Sensors in the form of digital data and requires no external ADC in data processing on the microcontroller. SHT11 Humidity Sensors data retrieval scheme can be seen in the picture below.
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Friday 12 April 2013

Modem Off Indicator

The modem off indicator is intended particularly for serious Internet surfers. It might be viewed that the circuit of the indicator can't be a lot more effective, or there may smartly be nothing left. In spite of its simplicity, it should show to be a cost-saving device, since it presentations at a glance whether the telephone line is free once more after the modem has been used. This obviates excessive phone costs in case for some motive the modem proceeds to operate. The circuit depends upon the very fact that there may be a attainable of about 40 V on the telephone line when it isn't busy. This voltage drops sharply when a phone call is being made. If, subsequently, the circuit is linked to telephone terminals a and b, the lighting of the golf green LED shows that the line is no longer busy in error.

Circuit diagram:
 Modem Off Indicator Circuit Diagram

The bridge rectifier be certain thats that the polarity of the line voltage is of no end result. This has the extra benefit that polarity protection for the LED just isn't necessary. To guarantee that the phone line is just now not loaded unnecessarily, the LED is a excessive efficiency type. This sort gentles at a current as low as 2 mA, and that is, due to this fact the current arranged thru it by resistor R1.

WARNING.
In spite of the liberal age we live in, it's excessively probable that in many international areas it isn't allowed to attach the indicator throughout the phone strains. Seek recommendation of your native telephone company that owns or operates the phone network.

http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/08/modem-off-indicator.html
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Simple Audio Power Meter Circuit

This simple circuit indicates the quantity of energy that goes to a loudspeaker. The dual-color LED presentations green at an applied energy degree of about 1 watt. At 1.5 watts it glows orange and above three watts it is vivid crimson. The circuit is attached in parallel with the loudspeaker connections and that is energyed from the audio signal. The further load that this characterizes is 470 Ohm (R1//R3) will no longer be a problem for any amplifier. During the positive 1 of 2 cycle of the output sign the inexperienced LED in the dual-color LED will probably be turned on, supplied the voltage is sufficiently excessive.

At better output voltages, T1 (depending on the voltage divider R2/R1) can begin to conduct and the fairway LED will go out. During the terrible half of cycle the red LED is driven by the use of R3 and can activate when the voltage is high enough. In the transition area (where T1 habitss extra and extra and ‘throttles’ the golf inexperienced LED as a result) the combination of red/green provides the orange colour of the dual-LED. By selecting appropriate prices for the resistors the facility stages will additionally be adjusted to suit.
 
Circuit diagram:
\"simple-audio-power-meter-circuit-diagram1\" Audio Power Meter Circuit Diagram
 
The worths chosen here are for conventional lounge use. You will almost definitely be stunned at how loud you have to turn your amplifier up ahead of you get the LEDs to go! The resistors can be zero.25 W sorts, supplied the amplifier does now not ship greater than forty W constantly. Above this energy the transistor may not be that happy both, so watch out for that too. Because T1 is utilized in saturation, the gain (Hfe) is on no account important and any equivalent type can be used. The power degrees talked about are valid for 4-Ohm audio system. For 8-Ohm audio system the entire resistor values have to be divided by using two.
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Soft Start For Switching Power Supply


Switching energy provide whose output voltage is drastically lower than its input voltage has a captivating professionalperty: the present drawn by means of it's smaller than its output current. However, the enter energy (UI) is, of course, larger than the output power. There is any other aspect that needs to be watched: when the input voltage at switch-on is too low, the regulator will tend to draw the full current. When the professionalvision can no longer deal with this, it fails or the fuse blows. It is, subsequently, a just right idea to disable the regulator at change-on (via the on/off input). except the related capacitor has been charged. When the regulator then begins to draw current, the charging current has already dropped to a stage which does not overload the voltage supply.

Circuit diagram:
 \"Soft
Soft Start Circuit For Switching Power Supply

The circuit within the diagram provides an output voltage of 5 V and is provided by a 24 V source. The regulator needn't be disabled except the capacitor is fully charged: when the possible throughout the capacitor has reached a stage of 1 of 2 or extra of the enter voltage, all is smartly. This is why the zener diode within the diagram is rated at 15 V. Many regulators produced via National Semiconductor have an crucial on/off change, and that is used within the present circuit. The enter is intended for TTL indicators, and usually consists of a transistor whose base is available externally. This implies that the next switching voltage could additionally be applied by the use of a collection resistor: the worth of this in the existing circuit is 22 kΩ. When the voltage throughout the capacitor reaches a degree of about 17 V, transistor T1 comes on, whereupon the regulator is enabled.
Source: National Semiconductors
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Simple Shadow Detector Alarm

This is also known as Sun up alarm, in this circuit you can set the LDR’s sensitivity by 100k potentiometer, you can set it with any lamp around your room (tube light, bulb, LED etc) by varrying the 100k potentiometer. We can also control the buzzer time by 1M potentiometer 
 
You can Enhance this project and set the sensitivity of the LDR with a lazer light and keep it on the way of any door circuit at one side and lazer at other side of the door and a then you can make this project to buzz as soon as some one enters in a room 
 
I personally set this project in my room with sensitivity of tube light and whenever i came in and turn my room’s tube light on

rookieelectronics

Parts Required:
  1. 100k & 1M potentiometers 
  2. 10k, 1Mx(3), 47k
  3. 0.1mF, 0.01mF & 10mF
  4. LDR
  5. BC337 transistor
  6. Beeper/Buzzer
  7. 9v Battery Supply
   Circuit Diagram:
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Thursday 11 April 2013

Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm

This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off. The lamp remains ‘on’ until the light sensor senses daylight in the morning. A super-bright white LED is used as the night lamp. It gives bright and cool light in the room. When the sensor detects the daylight in the morning, a melodious morning alarm sounds. The circuit is powered from a standard 0-9V transformer. Diodes D1 through D4 rectify the AC voltage and the resulting DC voltage is smoothed by C1. Regulator IC 7806 gives regulated 6V DC to the circuit. A battery backup is provided to power the circuit when mains fails. When mains supply is available, the 9V rechargeable battery charges via diode D5 and resistor R1 with a reasonably constant current. In the event of mains failure, the battery automatically takes up the load without any delay. Diode D5 prevents the battery from discharging backwards following the mains failure and diode D6 provides current path from the battery. 

Circuit diagram :
Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm-Circuit-Diagram
Automatic Night Lamp with Morning Alarm Circuit Diagram


The circuit utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in the room. The resistance of LDR is very high in darkness, which reduces to minimum when LDR is fully illuminated. LDR1 detects darkness, while LDR2 detects light in the morning. The circuit is designed around the popular timer IC NE555 (IC2), which is configured as a monostable. IC2 is activated by a low pulse applied to its trigger pin 2. Once triggered, output pin 3 of IC2 goes high and remains in that position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin 2. When LDR1 is illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance remains low, which keeps trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a result, output pin 3 of IC2 goes low and the white LED remains off. As the illumination of LDR1’s sensitive window reduces, the resistance of the device increases.

In total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of 280 kilo-ohms. When the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short pulse is applied to trigger pin 2 of IC2 via resistor R2 (150 kilo-ohms). This activates the monostable and its output goes high, causing the white LED to glow. Low-value capacitor C2 maintains the monostable for continuous operation, eliminating the timer effect. By increasing the value of C2, the ‘on’ time of the white LED can be adjusted to a predetermined time. LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance gradually falls and transistor T1 starts conducting. When T1 conducts, melody-generator IC UM66 (IC3) gets supply voltage from the emitter of T1 and it starts producing the melody. The musical tone generated by IC3 is standard 0-9V transformer. Diodes D1 through D4 rectify the AC voltage and the resulting DC voltage is smoothed by C1. Regulator IC 7806 gives regulated 6V DC to the circuit. 

A battery backup is provided to power the circuit when mains fails. When mains supply is available, the 9V rechargeable battery charges via diode D5 and resistor R1 with a reasonably constant current. In the event of mains failure, the battery automatically takes up the load without any delay. Diode D5 prevents the battery from discharging backwards following the mains failure and diode D6 provides current path from the battery.
The circuit utilises light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in the room. The resistance of LDR is very high in darkness, which reduces to minimum when LDR is fully illuminated. LDR1 detects darkness, while LDR2 detects light in the morning. The circuit is designed around the popular timer IC NE555 (IC2), which is configured as a monostable. IC2 is activated by a low pulse applied to its trigger pin 2. Once triggered, output pin 3 of IC2 goeshigh and remains in that position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin 2. When LDR1 is illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance remains low, which keeps trigger pin 2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a result, output pin 3 of IC2 goes low and the white LED remains off. As the illumination of LDR1’s sensitive window reduces, the resistance of the device increases.

In total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of 280 kilo-ohms. When the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short pulse is applied to trigger pin 2 of IC2 via resistor R2 (150 kilo-ohms). This activates the monostable and its output goes high, causing the white LED to glow. Low-value capacitor C2 maintains the monostable for continuous operation, eliminating the timer effect. By increasing the value of C2, the ‘on’ time of the white LED can be adjusted to a predetermined time. LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance gradually falls and transistor T1 starts conducting. When T1 conducts, melody-generator IC UM66 (IC3) gets supply voltage from the emitter of T1 and it starts producing the melody. The musical tone generated by IC3 is amplified by single-transistor amplifier T2. Resistor R7 limits the current to IC3 is amplified by single-transistor amplifier T2. Resistor R7 limits the current to IC3 and zener diode ZD limits the voltage to a safer level of 3.3 volts.

The circuit can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose it in a good-quality plastic case with provisions for LDR and LED. Use a reflective holder for white LED to get a spotlight effect for reading. Place LDRs away from the white LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to avoid unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so as to make the gadget compact. link
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Solar Powered SLA Battery Maintenance

This circuit was designed to ‘baby-sit’ SLA (sealed lead-acid or ‘gel’) batteries using freely available solar power. SLA batteries suffer from relatively high internal energy loss which is not normally a problem until you go on holidays and disconnect them from their trickle current charger. In some cases, the absence of trickle charging current may cause SLA batteries to go completely flat within a few weeks. The circuit shown here is intended to prevent this from happening. Two 3-volt solar panels, each shunted by a diode to bypass them when no electricity is generated, power a MAX762 step-up voltage converter IC.

Solar Powered SLA Battery Maintenance Circuit Diagram
Solar Powered SLA Battery-Maintenance-Circuit-Diagram

The ‘762 is the 15-volt-out version of the perhaps more familiar MAX761 (12 V out) and is used here to boost 6 V to 15 V.C1 and C2 are decoupling capacitors that suppress high and low frequency spurious components produced by the switch-mode regulator IC. Using Schottky diode D3, energy is stored in inductor L1 in the form of a magnetic field. When pin 7 of IC1 is open-circuited by the internal switching signal, the stored energy is diverted to the 15-volt output of the circuit. The V+ (sense) input of the MAX762, pin 8, is used to maintain the output voltage at 15 V. C4 and C5 serve to keep the ripple on the output voltage as small as possible. R1, LED D4 and pushbutton S1 allow you to check the presence of the 15-V output voltage.

D5 and D6 reduce the 15-volts to about 13.6 V which is a frequently quoted nominal standby trickle charging voltage for SLA batteries. This corresponds well with the IC’s maximum, internally limited, output current of about 120 mA. The value of inductor L1 is not critical — 22 µH or 47 µH will also work fine. The coil has to be rated at 1 A though in view of the peak current through it. The switching frequency is about 300 kHz. A suggestion for a practical coil is type M from the WEPD series supplied by Würth (www.we-online.com). Remarkably, Würth supply one-off inductors to individual customers. At the time of writing, it was possible, under certain conditions, to obtain samples, or order small quantities, of the MAX762 IC through the Maxim website at www.maxim-ic.com.
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Simple Fluorescent Light Wiring Diagram Tube Light Circuit

The wiring process of fluorescent tube lamp/light with Ballast,Starter is quite easy and simple. In most cases when we buy a fluorescent light it comes in a complete set with all wire connected. If you want do it yourself , you can buy all the parts individually. And you can complete all connection of the fluorescent light/lamp with the help of this wiring circuit diagram.



Main parts of Fluorescent Tube Light:

     1.Fluorescent Tube
     2.Ballast
     3.Starter
     4.Holder, wire etc.

How Fluorescent Lights works:

The starter is like a key of fluorescent light because it is used to light up the tube. When we connect the AC supply voltage to the circuit, then the starter act like short circuited and current flow through those filament (located at the first and second end of the tube light) and the filament generate heat and it ionized the gas (mercury vapor) in the fluorescent tube lamp. So the gas becomes electrically conductive medium. At the same time when the starter opened the circuit path of two filaments from series connected, then the ballast release its stored voltage. And it makes the fluorescent tube fully lighten. Now the starter has no job in the circuit, if you open it from the circuit the fluorescent tube light will be still lighten, until you release the main supply.
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Updates Zenith Aircraft Companyaerospacedefence News

Zenith Aircraft on Stromberg Bendix Model Na S3a1 Aircraft Carburetor Shop Service Repair
Stromberg Bendix Model Na S3a1 Aircraft Carburetor Shop Service Repair.


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Coming Soon Try Before You Buy Zenith Workshops.


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Zenith Aircraft At Work And Play Around The World Click Here.


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Ch 701 By Zenith Aircraft Company Photo Zenith Aircraft Company.


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Velocity Xl From Aircraft Spruce.


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Out To Mexico H41 For Zenith Aircraft S10 Annual Open Hangar Day.


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Updates From Zenith Aircraft Company Aerospace Defence News.


Zenith Aircraft on News From Zenith Aircraft Company Stol Ch 701 In India
News From Zenith Aircraft Company Stol Ch 701 In India.


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Learn And Talk About Zenith Aircraft Company Aircraft Manufacturers.


Zenith Aircraft on Africa In A Ch701 In 3 Days Zenith Aircraft Builders And Flyers
Africa In A Ch701 In 3 Days Zenith Aircraft Builders And Flyers.


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Cheap 12V to 220V Inverter

Even though today’s electrical appliances are increasingly often self-powered, especially the portable ones you carry around when camping or holidaying in summer, you do still sometimes need a source of 230 V AC - and while we’re about it, why not at a frequency close to that of the mains? As long as the power required from such a source remains relatively low - here we’ve chosen 30 VA - it’s very easy to build an inverter with simple, cheap components that many electronics hobbyists may even already have.

Though it is possible to build a more powerful circuit, the complexity caused by the very heavy currents to be handled on the low-voltage side leads to circuits that would be out of place in this summer issue. Let’s not forget, for example, that just to get a meager 1 amp at 230 VAC, the battery primary side would have to handle more than 20 ADC!. The circuit diagram of our project is easy to follow. A classic 555 timer chip, identified as IC1, is configured as an astable multivibrator at a frequency close to 100 Hz, which can be adjusted accurately by means of potentiometer P1.

Cheap 12V to 220V Inverter Circuit diagram:


As the mark/space ratio (duty factor) of the 555 output is a long way from being 1:1 (50%), it is used to drive a D-type flip-flop produced using a CMOS type 4013 IC. This produces perfect complementary square-wave signals (i.e. in antiphase) on its Q and Q outputs suitable for driving the output power transistors. As the output current available from the CMOS 4013 is very small, Darlington power transistors are used to arrive at the necessary output current. We have chosen MJ3001s from the now defunct Motorola (only as a semi-conductor manufacturer, of course!) which are cheap and readily available, but any equivalent power Darlington could be used.

These drive a 230 V to 2 × 9 V center-tapped transformer used ‘backwards’ to produce the 230 V output. The presence of the 230 VAC voltage is indicated by a neon light, while a VDR (voltage dependent resistor) type S10K250 or S07K250 clips off the spikes and surges that may appear at the transistor switching points. The output signal this circuit produces is approximately a square wave; only approximately, since it is somewhat distorted by passing through the transformer. Fortunately, it is suitable for the majority of electrical devices it is capable of supplying, whether they be light bulbs, small motors, or power supplies for electronic devices.

PCB layout:
pcb-layout-12-volt-to-230-volt-invertor-circuit-diagram
PCB Layout For Cheap 12V to 220V Inverter Circuit Diagram

Parts List :
Resistors
R1 = 18k?
R2 = 3k3
R3 = 1k
R4,R5 = 1k?5
R6 = VDR S10K250 (or S07K250)
P1 = 100 k potentiometer
Capacitors
C1 = 330nF
C2 = 1000 µF 25V
Semiconductor
T1,T2 = MJ3001
IC1 = 555
IC2 = 4013
Miscellaneous
LA1 = neon light 230 V
F1 = fuse, 5A
TR1 = mains transformer, 2x9V 40VA (see text)
4 solder pins
Note that, even though the circuit is intended and designed for powering by a car battery, i.e. from 12 V, the transformer is specified with a 9 V primary. But at full power you need to allow for a voltage drop of around 3 V between the collector and emitter of the power transistors. This relatively high saturation voltage is in fact a ‘shortcoming’ common to all devices in Darlington configuration, which actually consists of two transistors in one case. We’re suggesting a PCB design to make it easy to construct this project; as the component overlay shows, the PCB only carries the low-power, low-voltage components.

The Darlington transistors should be fitted onto a finned anodized aluminum heat-sink using the standard insulating accessories of mica washers and shouldered washers, as their collectors are connected to the metal cans and would otherwise be short-circuited. An output power of 30 VA implies a current consumption of the order of 3 A from the 12 V battery at the ‘primary side’. So the wires connecting the collectors of the MJ3001s [1] T1 and T2 to the transformer primary, the emitters of T1 and T2 to the battery negative terminal, and the battery positive terminal to the transformer primary will need to have a minimum cross-sectional area of 2 mm2 so as to minimize voltage drop.

The transformer can be any 230 V to 2 × 9 V type, with an E/I iron core or toroidal, rated at around 40 VA. Properly constructed on the board shown here, the circuit should work at once, the only adjustment being to set the output to a frequency of 50 Hz with P1. You should keep in minds that the frequency stability of the 555 is fairly poor by today’s standards, so you shouldn’t rely on it to drive your radio-alarm correctly – but is such a device very useful or indeed desirable to have on holiday anyway? Watch out too for the fact that the output voltage of this inverter is just as dangerous as the mains from your domestic power sockets.

So you need to apply just the same safety rules! Also, the project should be enclosed in a sturdy ABS or diecast so no parts can be touched while in operation. The circuit should not be too difficult to adapt to other mains voltages or frequencies, for example 110 V, 115 V or 127 V, 60 Hz. The AC voltage requires a transformer with a different primary voltage (which here becomes the secondary), and the frequency, some adjusting of P1 and possibly minor changes to the values of timing components R1 and C1 on the 555.

Source: http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/08/cheap-12v-to-220v-inverter.html
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Wednesday 10 April 2013

Wave antenna 5 8 pro VKV FM

Wave antenna 5/8 consists of a vertical radiator which is fed at the base of the antenna. A suitable device of some sort should be added between the antenna and feedline if you want to eat with coax. Adding a coil in series with the antenna on the base is one of these methods are suitable. 



So why would anyone use an antenna 5/8 wave if they have to go through all that extra work? After all, a ground plane antenna provides a good match. There are several answers. The first is GAIN. The computer shows that the antenna (mounted 1 foot above the ground) has a margin of about 1.5 dBd higher than a dipole (also installed 1 foot above the ground.)The second reason you might want to use the wave 5/8 vertical is to get a lower angle of radiation. Peak radiation angle A half-wave antenna is 20 degrees. You will find that the angle 5/8 wave antenna radiation is only 16 degrees so it is better dx antenna. 

 You may have noticed a pattern developing here. A quarter-wave ground plane antenna has a radiation pattern that produces the maximum gain at about 25 degrees and half-wave antenna drops to 20-degree angle, and wave antenna 5/8 further drops to 16 degrees angle. So why not just keep extending the antenna to one full wave? Well it would be nice if it worked, but unfortunately the wave patterns begin to create a very high angle of radiation waves exceed 5/8. So weve reached the maximum gain at this point and extend the antenna further reduce profits only where we want it (low angle). 

Of course if you are interested in a very short jump, extend the antenna will produce a nice profit on the dipole.All the length of the antenna depends on various factors. Some of these factors are: height above ground, the diameter of the wire, nearby structures, the effects of other antennas in the area and even the conductivity of the soil.This page allows you to calculate the wavelength for the antenna 5/8. It uses the standard formula, 585 / f (178.308 / f for metric) MHz to calculate the length of the element. If you have experimented with 5/8 wave antenna before and know a better formula for your QTH, feel free to change the formula accordingly. This formula is for the antenna wire. 

Of course if you build your antenna out of the tube, total length of the antenna will be shorter, for example I have found that 21.5 feet seems to provide maximum benefit to the frequency of 28.5 MHz when using a 1 "tube, and 22.5. Foot seems be the best long-wire at the same frequency. Since the formula to calculate the antenna to be about 2 feet shorter, be sure to experiment and maybe add a little for your final term.
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Non Contact Power Monitor circuit

Here is a simple non-contact AC power monitor for home appliances and laboratory equipment that should remain continuously switched-on. A fuse failure or power breakdown in the equipment going unnoticed may cause irreparable loss. The monitor sounds an alarm on detecting power failure to the equipment. The circuit is built around CMOS IC CD4011 utilising only a few components. NAND gates N1 and N2 of the IC are wired as an oscillator that drives a piezobuzzer directly. Resistors R2 and R3 and capacitor C2 are the oscillator components. The amplifier comprising transistors T1 and T2 disables the oscillator when mains power is available. In the standby mode, the base of T1 picks up 50Hz mains hum during the positive half cycles of AC and T1 conducts.

Circuit diagram:
    Non-Contact Power Monitor circuit diagram
Non-Contact Power Monitor circuit diagram
  
This provides base current to T2 and it also conducts, pulling the collector to ground potential. As the collectors of T1 and T2 are connected to pin 2 of NAND gate N1 of the oscillator, the oscillator gets disabled when the transistors conduct. Capacitor C1 prevents rise of the collector voltage of T2 again during the negative half cycles. When the power fails, the electrical field around the equipment’s wiring ceases and T1 and T2 turn off. Capacitor C1 starts charging via R1 and preset VR and when it gets sufficiently charged, the oscillator is enabled and the piezobuzzer produces a shrill tone. Resistor R1 protects T2 from short circuit if VR is adjusted to zero resistance.

The circuit can be easily assembled on a perforated/breadboard. Use a small plastic case to enclose the circuit and a telescopic antenna as aerial. A 9V battery can be used to power the circuit. Since the circuit draws only a few microamperes current in the standby mode, the battery will last several months. After assembling the circuit, take the aerial near the mains cable and adjust VR until the alarm stops to indicate the standby mode. The circuit can be placed on the equipment to be monitored close to the mains cable.
 
 
 
 Source by : Streampowers
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Clever Rain Alarm

Usually rain-alarms employ a single sensor. A serious draw-back of this type of sensor is that even if a single drop of water falls on the sensor, the alarm would sound. There is a probability that the alarm may be false. To overcome this draw-back, here we make use of four sensors, each placed well away from the other at suitable spots on the roof. The rain alarm would sound only if all the four sensors get wet. This reduces the probability of false alarm to a very great extent. The four rain-sensors SR1 to SR4, along with pull-up resistors R1 to R4 (connected to positive rails) and inverters N1 to N4, form the rain-sensor monitor stage. The sensor wires are brought to the PCB input points E1 to E5 using a 5-core cable. The four outputs of Schmitt inverter gates N1 to N4 go to the four inputs of Schmitt NAND gate N7, that makes the alarm driver stage.

Clever Rain-Alarm Circuit Diagram

Clever Rain-Alarm-Circuit-Diagrmd


When all four sensors sense the rain, all four inputs to gates N1 through N4 go low and their outputs go high. Thus all four in-puts to NAND gate N7 also go high and its output at pin 6 goes to logic 0. The out-put of gate N7 is high if any one or more of the rain-sensor plates SR1 through SR4 remain dry. The output of gate N7 is coupled to inverter gates N5 and N6. The output from gate N5 (logic 1 when rain is sensed) is brought to  ‘EXT’ output connector, which may be used to control other external devices.

The output from the other inverter gate N6 is used as enable input for NAND gate N8, which is configured as a low-frequency oscillator to drive/modulate the piezo buzzer via transistor T1. The frequency of the oscillator/modulator stage is variable between 10 Hz and 200 Hz with the help of preset VR1. The buzzer is of piezo-electric type having a continuous tone that is inter-rupted by the low-frequency output of N8. The buzzer will sound whenever rain is sensed (by all four sensors). 6V power supply (100mA) is used here to enable proper interfacing of the CMOS and TTL ICs used in the circuit. The power supply requirement is quite low and a 6-volt battery pack can be easily used. During quiscent-state, only a negligible cur-rent is consumed by the circuit.

Rian-Sensor

Even during active state, not more than 20mA current is needed for driving a good-quality piezo-buzzer. Please note that IC2, being of TTL type, needs a 5V regulated supply. There-fore zener D1, along with capacitor C2 and resistor R5, are used for this purpose.A parallel-track, general-purpose PCB or a veroboard is enough to hold all the components. The rain-sensors SR1 to SR4 can be fabricated as shown in the construction guide in Fig. 2. They can be made simply by connecting alternate parallel tracks using jumpers on the component side.

Use some epoxy cement on and around the wire joints at A and B to avoid corrosion. Also, the sensors can be cemented in place with epoxy cement. If the number of sensors is to be increased, just add another set of CD40106 and 7413 ICs along with the associated discrete components. Another good utility of the rain-alarm is in agriculture. When drip-irrigation is employed, fix the four sensors at four corners of the tree-pits, at a suit-able height from the ground. Then, as soon as the water rises to the sensor’s level, the circuit can be used to switch off the water pump.
Author : M.K. Chandra Mouleeswaran - Copyright: EFY

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2001 Pontiac Grand Prix Wiring Diagram

2001 Pontiac Grand Prix Wiring Diagram
(click for full size image)


The Part of 2001 Pontiac Grand Prix Wiring Diagram: camshaft, fuse block, ignition ctrl module, yellow
wire, blue wire, black wire, white black, camshaft position sensor, powertrain control module, knock sensor, camshaft position signal, engine speed signal, crankshaft position sensor, ignition control module, timing control, timing signal.
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Basic IC MonoStable Multivibrator


Basic LM555 Timer CIRCUIT

Part List
C2 = .01uf
IC1 = LM555 Timer
SWI = n.o. momentary switch
R1 and C1 determine lenght of
out put pulse where  t = R1 x C1
and R1 is in ohms and C1 is in farads .

by Tony van Roon
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Tuesday 9 April 2013

Excellent Example of Electronic Evolution

No one had a clue during the early days of television the incredible impact that this device would have over people and their daily lives nearly a century later. I can hardly believe the difference between the television offerings of my childhood and the vast number of quality shows, channels, and information that is available by simply turning on the television.

In addition to that, the quality of sound that can be achieved through the simple act of adding a receiver and surround sound speakers to your television is day and night when comparing before and after.

I do not think for one second anyone could have possibly anticipated the global impact that televisions have introduced. Add to that the entertainment value and the fact that we are now using our televisions for much more than simply watching and you have opened up a whole new world of entertainment. Surround sound not only works wonders with movies and (some) television shows but is also an excellent enhancement for video games and even music. 

Televisions are also being used for more purposes now than ever before. With each generation of video game system there are new features added that require more from the televisions and speaker systems we spend so much of our time enjoying. From the days when people first gained the ability to check their email on their television sets, the technology seed has been planted for greater things to come. Each year new televisions and new surround sound and home theater systems hit the market with amazing success among consumers. We all want more sound, better pictures, and more functionality from a piece of technology that is not yet a century old. Its amazing the progress that has been made already and the rapid rate at which this technology continues to evolve. 

Surround sound is only one example of the great possibilities that exist in the entertainment industry, it simply happens that this is one piece of the technology puzzle that enhances so many other of the things that we enjoy so much on a daily basis. From gaming to music to movies, all are enhanced by the technology and premium sound that a good surround sound system with high quality speakers can provide. When purchasing speakers for your surround sound system, be sure to make sure that they are THX certified in order to assure that you are getting top quality speakers for your surround sound system or home theater.

You will find as you sort through the various surround sound systems in the market today that there are many options available to you. I hope that you will take the time to find the one that you like best and keep an open mind when you bring it into your home. It is important to remember that you may find the system doesnt sound as good in your home as it did in the store (acoustics are going to be different). If this is the case with your system, make a note of the differences that you find troublesome, and return the kit to the store, then ask for recommendations on systems that might work better in your home. You should also include things like the size of the room, the types of walls and flooring you have (all of these things affect the acoustical quality of your room). Most importantly, make the most of the advances that technology has allowed and enjoy.

PPPPP

582

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Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram

Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram.

Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram



Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram
Fuse Box Toyota 1997 Corolla Kick Panel Diagram

Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: cigar lighter, digital clock display, air conditioning, radio, cassette tape player, tail light, parking lamp, instrument panel light,electric cooling fan, multiport fuel injection, power rear view mirror, stop light, anti lock brake system.
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General Purpose Alarm

The alarm may be used for a variety of applications, such as frost monitor, room temperature monitor, and so on. In the quiescent state, the circuit draws a current of only a few microamperes, so that, in theory at least, a 9 V dry battery (PP3, 6AM6, MN1604, 6LR61) should last for up to ten years. Such a tiny current is not possible when ICs are used, and the circuit is therefore a discrete design. Every four seconds a measuring bridge, which actuates a Schmitt trigger, is switched on for 150 ms by a clock generator. In that period of 150 ms, the resistance of an NTC thermistor, R11, is compared with that of a fixed resistor. If the former is less than the latter, the alarm is set off.

When the circuit is switched on, capacitor C1 is not charged and transistors T1–T3 are off. After switch-on, C1 is charged gradually via R1, R7, and R8, until the base voltage of T1 exceeds the threshold bias. Transistor T1 then comes on and causes T2 and T3 to conduct also. Thereupon, C1 is charged via current source T1-T2-D1, until the current from the source becomes smaller than that flowing through R3 and T3 (about 3 µA). This results in T1 switching off, so that, owing to the coupling with C1, the entire circuit is disabled. Capacitor C1 is (almost) fully charged, so that the anode potential of D1 drops well below 0 V. Only when C1 is charged again can a new cycle begin.

General-Purpose Alarm Circuit diagram : 

General_Purpose_Alarm_Circuit_Diagram
It is obvious that the larger part of the current is used for charging C1. Gate IC1a functions as impedance inverter and feedback stage, and regularly switches on measurement bridge R9–R12-C2-P1 briefly. The bridge is terminated in a differential amplifier, which, in spite of the tiny current (and the consequent small transconductance of the transistors) provides a large amplification and, therefore, a high sensitivity. Resistors R13 and R15 provide through a kind of hysteresis a Schmitt trigger input for the differential amplifier, which results in unambiguous and fast measurement results. Capacitor C2 compensates for the capacitive effect of long cables between sensor and circuit and so prevents false alarms.

If the sensor (R11) is built in the same enclosure as the remainder of the circuit (as, for instance, in a room temperature monitor), C2 and R13 may be omitted. In that case,C3 willabsorb any interference signals and so prevent false alarms. To prevent any residual charge in C3 causing a false alarm when the bridge is in equilibrium, the capacitor is discharged rapidly via D2 when this happens. Gates IC1c and IC1d form an oscillator to drive the buzzer (an a.c. type). Owing to the very high impedance of the clock, an epoxy resin (not pertinax) board must be used for building the alarm. For the same reason, C1 should be a type with very low leakage current. If operation of the alarm is required when the resistance of R11 is higher than that of the fixed resistor, reverse the connections of the elements of the bridge and thus effectively the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the differential amplifier.

An NTC thermistor such as R11 has a resistance at –18 °C that is about ten times as high as that at room temperature. It is, therefore, advisable, if not a must, when precise operation is required, to consult the data sheet of the device or take a number of test readings. For the present circuit, the resistance at –18 °C must be 300–400 kΩ. The value of R12 should be the same. Preset P1 provides fine adjustment of the response threshold. Note that although the prototype uses an NTC thermistor, a different kind of sensor may also be used, provided its electrical specification is known and suits the present circuit.

Source :http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/01/general-purpose-alarm.html
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Remote controlled switch circuit

Here is a versatile remote controlled  switch that can ON or OFF any appliance connected to it using a TV remote.
IR
remote sensor IC TSOP 1738 is used for receiving the signal. Normally
when no signal is falling on IC3 the output of it will be high. This
makes Q1 OFF.When a signal of 38 KHz from the TV remote falls on the
IC3 its output goes low.This makes Q1 conduct and a negative pulse is
obtained at pin 2 of IC 1 NE 555. Due to this IC1 wired as a monostable
multivibrator produces a 4 Sec long high signal at its out put.This
high out put is the clock for IC 2 which is wired as a Flipflop and of ,
its two outputs pin 3
goes low and pin 2 goes high. The high output
at pin 2 is amplified to drive the relay. For the next signal the
outputs of IC2 toggles state.  Result, we get a relay toggling on each
press on the remote. Any appliance connected to this circuit can be
switched ON or OFF.

Remote Controlled Switch Circuit Diagram with Parts List .

Remote Control Switch Circuit
Remote Controlled Switch Circuit Diagram

Notes:

*
Before wiring the circuit make sure that the carrier frequency of the
TV remote you have is 38 kHz.For that wire the sensor part only ,point
your remote to the TSOP1738 and press any switch.If out put of TSOP1738
goes low then OK, your remote is of 38Khz type.Nothing to worry almost
all TV remote are of this type.
*
You can use any switch  of the remote because for any switch the code
only changes, the carrier frequency remains same.We need this carrier
frequency only.
* Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.
* The appliance can be connected through NO or NC and C contacts of the relay .
* Use a regulated 6V power supply for the circuit.
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A Low Distortion Audio Pre amplifier

In an audio amplifier the quality of sound depends upon a number of factors, e.g. quality of active and passive components, circuit configuration, and layout. To an extent, the selection of components depends on the constructor’s budget. The discrete active components like transistors have been increasingly replaced by linear ICs, making the task of designer easier. With the passage of time, the general-purpose op-amps like LM741, which were being used in audio/hi-fi circuits, have become The preamplifier circuit presented here is based on a dual precision op-amp for the construction of a low distortion, high quality audio preamplifier.

Low Distortion Audio Pre-amplifier Circuit diagram:

A Low Distortion Audio Pre-amplifier Circuit Diagram


A dual op-amp OPA2604 from Burr-Brown is used for all the stages. The FET input stage op-amp was chosen in this context it is worthwile to mention another popular bi-polar architecture op-amp, the NE5534A. It has, no doubt, an exceptionally low noise figure of 4nV/ÖHz but rest of the specifications compared to OPA2604 are virtually absent in this IC. Also This IC is also capable of operating at higher voltage rails of ± 24V (max.). Also its input bias current (100 pA) is many orders lower than its bipolar counterpart’s. This ensures a multifold reduction in noise.

A channel seperation of 142 dB exists between In the circuit, buffer is essential for the proper working of the subsequent blocks. A nominal input impedance of 47k is offered by this stage which prevents overloading of the preamplifier. The tone control is a baxandall type filter circuit.The bandwidth limiter is basically a low-pass filter with an upper cut-off ceiling at the end of the useful audio spectrum. The gain at 10 kHz is approximately 17 dB. The design is essentially 3-pole type and the upper frequency is set at 25 kHz. This lSetting the unit is fairly simple. Check the power leads feeding the IC for symmetrical voltages. High quality audio output from the line output socket is to be fed as the input signal to this preamplifier. Output of the preamplifier is fed to the power a The whole circuit consumes about 10 mA when the above-mentioned ICs are used. Power supply requirements are not critical as the circuit works on 7.5V to 15V DC..

Source :  http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/01/low-distortion-audio-pre-amplifier.html
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Monday 8 April 2013

Sound to Dancing Lights Converter Circuit


This is a design circuit for converting an audio signal (such as one that comes from the speaker terminals of a CD player). The circuit basically consists of a buffer/amplifier stage and three filter circuits: a high-pass filter, a mid-pass filter, and a low-pass filter. The output of each filter circuit drives a light-emitting diode of different color. This is the figure of the circuit;


The input signal is fed to the buffer stage through C1. The values of RF and RV1 should be chosen so that the buffer is able to drive the three filters attached to its output.  The low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency components of the input signal are only allowed to pass through the low-pass filter (bottom filter), the mid-pass filter (middle filter), and the high-pass filter (topmost filter), respectively, thus separating them from each other. Changes in the output of a filter cause its corresponding output LED to turn on and off.  In effect, feeding a continuous audio signal to the input of this circuit causes the LEDs to dance.
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